OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) . Introduction. The term LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. This section is also intended to assist laser users in complying with OSHA laser requirements. See requirements for UCSD researchers using class 3B or 4 lasers and laser systems. Laser safety is the safe design, use and implementation of lasers to minimize the risk of laser accidents, especially those involving eye injuries.1.0 PURPOSE The Laser Safety Program has been developed to provide guidance and oversight for the safe use of lasers and laser systems at the National Institutes of. ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY, HEALTH, AND QUALITY DIVISION Chapter 10: Laser Safety Class 3B and Class 4 Laser Operation Requirements Product ID: 546. Light can be produced by atomic processes which generate laser light. A laser consists of an optical cavity, a pumping system, and an appropriate lasing medium (Figure III: 6- 1). Figure III: 6- 1. Components of a Laser. A. Optical Cavity. The optical cavity contains the media to be excited with mirrors to redirect the produced photons back along the same general path. B. Pumping System. The pumping system uses photons from another source as a xenon gas flash tube (optical pumping) to transfer energy to the media, electrical discharge within the pure gas or gas mixture media (collision pumping), or relies upon the binding energy released in chemical reactions to raise the media to the metastable or lasing state. C. Laser Medium. The laser medium can be a solid (state), gas, dye (in liquid), or semiconductor. Lasers are commonly designated by the type of lasing material employed. Solid state lasers have lasing material distributed in a solid matrix, e. YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers. The neodymium- YAG laser emits infrared light at 1. Gas lasers (helium and helium- neon, He. Ne, are the most common gas lasers) have a primary output of a visible red light. CO2 lasers emit energy in the far- infrared, 1. Excimer lasers (the name is derived from the terms excited and dimers) use reactive gases such as chlorine and fluorine mixed with inert gases such as argon, krypton, or xenon. When electrically stimulated, a pseudomolecule or dimer is produced and when lased, produces light in the ultraviolet range. Dye lasers use complex organic dyes like rhodamine 6. G in liquid solution or suspension as lasing media. They are tunable over a broad range of wavelengths. Semiconductor lasers, sometimes called diode lasers, are not solid- state lasers. These electronic devices are generally very small and use low power. They may be built into larger arrays, e. D. Wavelength Output. The wavelength output from a laser depends upon the medium being excited. Table III: 6- 1 lists most of the laser types and their wavelength ouput defined by the medium being excited. Laser use today is not restricted to the laboratory or specialized industries. Table III: 6- 2 lists some of the major uses of lasers. TABLE III: 6- 1. WAVELENGTHS OF MOST COMMON LASERSLaser type. Wavelength(. MAJOR CATEGORIES OF LASER USEAlignment. Annealing. Balancing. Biomedical. Cellular research. Dental. Diagnostics. Dermatology. Ophthalmology. Surgery. Communications. Construction. Alignment. Ranging. Surveying. Cutting. Displays. Drilling. Entertainment. Heat treating. Holography. Information handling. Copying. Displays. Plate making. Printing. Reading. Scanning. Typesetting. Videodisk. Marking. Laboratory instruments. Interferometry. Metrology. Plasma diagnostics. Spectroscopy. Velocimetry. Lidar. Special photography. Scanning microscopy. Military. Distance ranging. Rifle simulation. Weaponry. Nondestructive training. Scanning. Sealing. Scribing. Soldering. Welding. II. Nonbeam Laser Hazards. In some laser operations, particularly in the research laboratory, general safety and health guidelines should be considered. A. Industrial Hygiene. Potential hazards associated with compressed gases, cryogenic materials, toxic and carcinogenic materials and noise should be considered. Adequate ventilation shall be installed to reduce noxious or potentially hazardous fumes and vapors, produced by laser welding, cutting and other target interactions, to levels below the appropriate threshold limit values, e. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit values (TLV's) or Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PEL's). B. Explosion Hazards. High- pressure arc lamps and filament lamps or laser welding equipment shall be enclosed in housings which can withstand the maximum pressures resulting from lamp explosion or disintegration. The laser target and elements of the optical train which may shatter during laser operation shall also be enclosed. C. Nonbeam Optical Radiation Hazards. This relates to optical beam hazards other than laser beam hazards. Ultraviolet radiation emitted from laser discharge tubes, pumping lamps and laser welding plasmas shall be suitably shielded to reduce exposure to levels below the ANSI Z 1. OSHA PEL's, and/or ACGIH TLV's. D. Collateral Radiation. Radiation, other than laser radiation, associated with the operation of a laser or laser system, e. RF) energy associated with some plasma tubes, x- ray emission associated with the high voltage power supplies used with excimer lasers, shall be maintained below the applicable protection guides. The appropriate protection guide for RF and microwave energy is that given in the American National Standard . Lasers and laser systems which, by design, would be expected to generate appreciable levels of collateral radiation, should be monitored. E. Electrical Hazards. The intended application of the laser equipment determines the method of electrical installation and connection to the power supply circuit (for example, conduit versus flexible cord). All equipment shall be installed in accordance with the National Electrical Code and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Flammability of Laser Beam Enclosures. Enclosure of Class IV laser beams and terminations of some focused Class IIIB lasers, can result in potential fire hazards if the enclosure materials are exposed to irradiances exceeding 1. W/cm. 2. Plastic materials are not precluded as an enclosure material, but their use and potential for flammability and toxic fume release following direct exposure should be considered. Flame- resistant materials and commercially available products specifically designed for laser enclosures should also be considered. III. Biological Effects of the Laser Beam. A. Eye Injury. Because of the high degree of beam collimation, a laser serves as an almost ideal point source of intense light. A laser beam of sufficient power can theoretically produce retinal intensities at magnitudes that are greater than conventional light sources, and even larger than those produced when directly viewing the sun. Permanent blindness can be the result. B. Thermal Injury. The most common cause of laser- induced tissue damage is thermal in nature, where the tissue proteins are denatured due to the temperature rise following absorption of laser energy. The thermal damage process (burns) is generally associated with lasers operating at exposure times greater than 1. Tissue damage may also be caused by thermally induced acoustic waves following exposures to sub- microsecond laser exposures. With regard to repetitively pulsed or scanning lasers, the major mechanism involved in laser- induced biological damage is a thermal process wherein the effects of the pulses are additive. The principal thermal effects of laser exposure depend upon the following factors. The absorption and scattering coefficients of the tissues at the laser wavelength. See Table III: 6- 1 for a summary of more common laser types and wavelengths. Irradiance or radiant exposure of the laser beam. Duration of the exposure and pulse repetition characteristics, where applicable. Extent of the local vascular flow. Size of the area irradiated. C. Other. Other damage mechanisms have also been demonstrated for other specific wavelength ranges and/or exposure times. For example, photochemical reactions are the principal cause of threshold level tissue damage following exposures to either actinic ultraviolet radiation (0. In addition to thermal injury caused by ultraviolet energy, there is the possibility of radiation carcinogenesis from UV- B (0. DNA or from effects on potential carcinogenic intracellular viruses. Exposure in the shorter UV- C (0. The shorter wavelengths are absorbed in the outer dead layers of the epidermis (stratum corneum) and the longer wavelengths have an initial pigment- darkening effect followed by erythema if there is exposure to excessive levels. These biological effects are summarized in Table III: 6- 3. The hazards associated with skin exposure are of less importance than eye hazards; however, with the expanding use of higher- power laser systems, particularly ultraviolet lasers, the unprotected skin of personnel may be exposed to extremely hazardous levels of the beam power if used in an unenclosed system design. NOTE: The primary purpose of an exiting laser beam, e. Some laser beams designed for material alteration may be effective some distance from their intended impact point. TABLE III: 6- 3. SUMMARY OF BASIC BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LIGHTPhotobiological spectral domain. Eye effects. Skin effects. Ultraviolet C (0. Laser Hazard Classifications. A. Introduction. The intent of laser hazard classification is to provide warning to users by identifying the hazards associated with the corresponding levels of accessible laser radiation through the use of labels and instruction. It also serves as a basis for defining control measures and medical surveillance. Lasers and laser systems received from manufacturers are required by federal law, 2. CFR Part 1. 00. 0, to be classified and appropriately labeled by the manufacturer. It should be stressed, however, that the classification may change whenever the laser or laser system is modified to accomplish a given task. It should also be stressed that an agency such as the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (FDA/CDRH) does not . The manufacturer of the laser system first classifies the laser and then certifies that it meets all performance requirements of the Federal Laser Product Performance Standard (FLPPS). The forms submitted by the manufacturer to FDA/CDRH are reviewed for technical accuracy, omissions, and errors. If none are found, the manufacturer is notified only that the submission appears to be complete.
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